The law around divorce varies a lot from country to country. So, if you are thinking about getting divorced abroad it is really important you get legal advice from a lawyer who is an expert in divorce law in that country. This will mean you are well informed from the start about what it involves. In some countries for example you can’t apply for a divorce yourself - a lawyer has to do it. In other countries you may well find that if you want to end a civil partnership entered into in England for example, you can’t because it is not recognised.

You don’t have to get divorced in the country that you were married in, or where you were living when you or your ex decided to end your marriage or civil partnership. In many countries, but not all, you can get divorced in the country in which either of you are settled now, as long as that country recognises that you were married in the first place. So, many couples will find that they can get divorced in more than one country.

Where you can divorce will depend on whether the court in the country you want to divorce in has the right and power to deal with your case. The law calls this right and power ‘jurisdiction’.

Key things you need to know about getting an international divorce

You can only get divorced in another country if:

1. Your marriage is legally recognised in the country where you want to apply for a divorce

   You can only get a divorce in a country where your marriage is legally recognised. For example, if you are a same-sex couple and you married in England (where same-sex marriage is legal), you will not be able to get a divorce in Russia (where same-sex marriage is not legal), even if you or your ex have a connection to that country.

2. You can show that you or your ex has a connection with the country that you want to apply for a divorce in

   To get divorced in another country, you must show that you or your ex has a connection to it. A court only has the right and legal power to deal with your case if you can show this connection. The law calls this ‘jurisdiction’. Different countries around the world have different rules to work out if their courts has the legal power to deal with a case when other countries may be involved. So, it is really important you get legal advice from a lawyer who is an expert in divorce law in the country where you are thinking about getting a divorce.

Many countries have rules to work out if you have a connection to that country that are about:

• being a ‘national’ of that country
• being ‘habitually resident’ in that country,
• being ‘domiciled’ in that country

We will explain more about these legal terms next but beware that different countries around the world have different rules about nationality, habitual residence and domicile. So, it is really important you get legal advice from a lawyer who is an expert in divorce law in the country where you are thinking about getting a divorce.

Nationality

To be a national means you have the official right to be a member of a nation state. You can acquire nationality by birth, the nationality of your parents, adoption, or marriage (the rules vary from country to country). So, for example, if you were born in France and both your parents were born in France you will be a French national.

Habitual Residence

‘Habitual residence’ means that you live somewhere regularly. To prove habitual residence, you have to show that you are settled in the country or that you are planning to stay there for a while, even if it is not your permanent home.
How to show you are habitually resident varies from country to country.

In England and Wales the kind of factors that are often taken into account when deciding if you can show habitual residence are listed next.

• where you usually or always live, work, study, and/or enjoy your leisure time
• if any move out of a country is only temporary
• where you have property, even if rented out, and where you keep your furniture
• where your car is registered
• your mailing address
• where you are registered with a doctor, dentist etc
• where your mobile phone is registered
• where your financial arrangements are based, for example, your bank accounts, your tax status, where you pay National Insurance (NI) contributions
• your nationality

Some of these factors may be accepted under other countries’ rules about habitual residence too. But if you plan to rely on this rule to show you are connected to a country you need to get legal advice from a lawyer who is an expert in divorce law in the country where you are thinking about getting a divorce.

Domicile

Different countries have different rules about what being domiciled means. So, again, if you plan to rely on this rule to show you are connected to a country you need to get legal advice from a lawyer who is an expert in divorce law in the country where you are thinking about getting a divorce.

In England and Wales ‘domicile’ is where your permanent home is. This doesn’t have to be a permanent address. For example, you can live abroad for work but not plan to stay in that country permanently and as such your birth country remains where you are ‘domiciled’. You will be able to get a divorce in a country if it is your permanent home. It can be the country that you were born in, or a country that you have moved to, if you have made it your permanent home.

You can only have one domicile at a time - a domicile of origin, domicile of dependency or a domicile of choice. We explain these next.

• domicile of origin is the domicile which everyone acquires automatically at birth, from their father, or if not married, from their mother. For most people, their domicile of origin will be the country they were born in.
• domicile of dependency is the domicile which you acquire from another person when you are dependent on them. For example, from your parent when you are under 16 years old.
• domicile of choice happens when you live in a different country from your domicile of origin and you intend to make that new country your home permanently.

The kind of factors that are often taken into account when deciding on your domicile include:

• where you usually or always live, work, study, and/or enjoy your leisure time.
• if any move out of a country is only temporary.
• where you have property, even if rented out, and where you keep your furniture.
• ehere your car is registered.
• your mailing address.
• where you are registered with a doctor, dentist etc.
• where your mobile phone is registered.
• where your financial arrangements are based, for example, your bank accounts.
• your nationality.

If you have the option of more than one country to divorce in, go on to the next section of this guide.

In the next section we explain how to decide where you should start your divorce and what happens if you and your ex can’t agree on this.

The law on divorce varies a lot from country to country. Where you divorce can have an impact on a number of very important things, such as:

• the types of financial orders the court is likely to make in your favour,
• the costs involved,
• the length of time it takes to get divorced and settle finances and arrangements for your children (if you have any),
• how you sort out arrangements for your children (if you have any),
• how easy it is to enforce orders made by the court, in that country or another country.
   

You may find that getting divorced in one country will financially benefit you more than getting divorced somewhere else. Some countries may favour men over women in the way their court deals with divorce cases. It may be more expensive or take a lot longer to get divorced in one country than in another. So, if you have a choice of countries when it comes to starting your divorce it is important to work out which country will bring you the best outcome.

You also need to think about if it is practical for you to get a divorce in a different country. Divorce is often a very stressful and upsetting process so it is important to think about things such as the length of divorce proceedings in the country that you are considering applying for a divorce in, if you speak the language, and the costs of divorcing overseas.

It is important that you speak to an international family law solicitor or a lawyer in each of the countries you might want to divorce in, before you apply for a divorce to get an idea of how much divorcing abroad will cost, and if it would really benefit you to get a divorce there.

You can search for a family law solicitor that specialises in international divorce by going to the Resolution website. Click on the ‘Advanced Search’ button, then go to the box called ‘Type of Resolution Accreditation’ and select ‘International'. You can also go to the Law Society website ‘Find a solicitor’ page and use the ‘Pro search’. Go to the ‘Area of practice’ box and choose ‘Family – divorce and separation’.

Firms that specialise in international divorce law sometimes have offices in other countries so their colleagues can help you. If they don’t have offices in other countries they will have good contacts with lawyers in different countries that specialise in this. They will then put you in contact with the right lawyer to help you.

If there is more than one country that you can divorce in, the court will usually decide if you have a strong enough connection to the country that you are applying to divorce in and as long as your ex agrees the divorce will continue in that country. If however, your ex does not agree, the court will have to decide where the divorce should continue. The law calls this a ‘forum dispute’. Forum disputes are often very lengthy and can cost huge amounts of money. So, it is important to get specialist advice on this before you start your divorce case. You will need to pay some money to get reliable advice from a specialist but if you don’t, you could end up in a complicated and very expensive dispute about which court should deal with your divorce.

Domicile - the legal test for working out the country where you have your permanent home. For some people this is straightforward to work out but for others it can be more complicated.

Habitual residence - the legal test for where you normally live. For most people this is quite straightforward but for some it can be more complicated.

International divorce - when you apply for a divorce in a country other than where you are living, or where your permanent home is.

Jurisdiction - the right and legal power of a court to deal with your case.

Nationality - to be a national means you have the official right to be a member of a nation state. You can acquire nationality by birth, the nationality of your parents, adoption, or marriage (the rules vary from country to country).

Disclaimer

The information in this guide applies to England and Wales and is for general purposes only. The law may be different if you live in Scotland or Northern Ireland.

The law is complicated. We have simplified things in the guide to give you an idea of how the law applies to you. Please don't rely on this guide as a complete statement of the law. We recommend you try and get advice from the sources we have suggested.  

The quotes and cases we refer to are not always real but show a typical situation. We hope they help you think about how to deal with your own situation.

Acknowledgements

This guide was written and produced by Advicenow with funding from the Family Justice Council and updated thanks to the Litigant in Person Support Strategy. The most recent update was funded thanks to donations made to Advicenow by our supporters.

Advicenow would like to thank all those who provided feedback and advice on this guide, particularly Melanie Bataillard-Samuel of MBS Family Law.